The Political Ethics of Herbert Spencer

From 'circumstances' to 'environment': Herbert Spencer and the origins of the idea of organism-environment interaction.

The word 'environment' has a history. Before the mid-nineteenth century, the idea of a singular, abstract entity--the organism--interacting with another singular, abstract entity--the environment--was virtually unknown. In this paper I trace how the idea of a plurality of external conditions or circumstances was replaced by the idea of a singular environment. The central figure behind this shif...

Personal Ethics and Political Ethics∗

The moral ambit understood in the generic sense, as that which is opposed to the amoral has an identical extension to that of the ambit of freedom. Private life as well as professional, economic, and political life are equally moral realities. Together with personal ethics there also exist professional ethics, economic ethics, social ethics, and political ethics. Here, we will not discuss the d...

Reevaluating progressive eugenics: Herbert Spencer Jennings and the 1924 immigration legislation.

azerbaijans political development after the collapse of soviet union and implication on relation with the islamic republic of iran

در فصل اول این پایاین نامه در خصوص تاریخ کشور اذربایجان قبل و بعد از جدایی این کشور از ایران مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است ودر فصل دوم تحولات سیاسی این کشور بعد از 1991 و در واقع بعد از فروپاشی شوروی و دولتهایی که روی کار امدند در از جمله دولت ابولفضل ایلچی بیگ،دولت حیدر علی اف وبعد از او پسرش الهام علی اف و نگرش هرکدام از این دولتها به سیاسیت خارجی اذربایجان مورد اشاره قرار گرفته است.در ودر فصل سو...

Facing Political Power in Islamic Ethics

The present article looks at the control of political power through the lens of Islamic ethics, which distinguishes between the two approaches of direct and indirect criticism by examining some ethical texts. In these texts, the direct critique of power, on the one hand, is necessary to correct the state of society; but on the other hand, given its enormous dangers, it is advisable to avoid it....